The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), is native to the Americas. It has
rapidly invaded 47 African countries and 18 Asian countries since the first detection of …

Biopesticides are considered to be the best alternative to synthetic pesticides that are highly
effective, target specific and reduce environmental risks. These factors led to its application …

Fungi establish a complex network of biological interactions with other organisms in nature.
In many cases, these involve the production of toxins for survival or colonization purposes …

Baculoviruses have shown to be a good tool for insect pest control. Numerous natural
baculoviruses have been used as biopesticides worldwide as they are naturally occurring …

Since 2016, the fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda has spread over extensive
areas of the tropics and subtropics, imperiling food security, economic progress and the …

Microbial entomopathogen–based bioinsecticides are recognized as alternatives to
synthetic pesticides. Insects defend themselves against microbial pathogens by innate …

Since the development of methods for inserting and expressing genes in baculoviruses, a
line of research has focused on developing recombinant baculoviruses that express …

Ribotoxins are fungal extracellular ribonucleases highly toxic due to their ability to enter host
cells and their effective ribonucleolytic activity against the ribosome. The natural role of …

Occluded viruses are observed in three virus families:(i) Baculoviridae (baculoviruses);(ii)
Reoviridae (cypovirus); and (iii) Poxviridae (entomopox viruses). In addition to these …

Maintenance of agricultural productivity is currently based mainly on extraneous application
of fertilizers and pesticides. However, indiscriminate use of agrochemicals for controlling the …