Learning to predict rewards based on environmental cues is essential for survival. It is
believed that animals learn to predict rewards by updating predictions whenever the …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is primarily characterized by core deficits in social skills,
communication, and cognition and by repetitive stereotyped behaviors. These …

The ventral pallidum (VP) contains GABA and glutamate neurons projecting to ventral
tegmental area (VTA) whose stimulation drives approach and avoidance, respectively. Yet …

Reward seeking requires the coordination of motor programs to achieve goals. Midbrain
dopamine neurons are critical for reinforcement, and their activation is sufficient for learning …

Evidence suggests that dopamine activity provides a US-related prediction error for
Pavlovian conditioning and the reinforcement signal supporting the acquisition of habits …

Environmental cues, through Pavlovian learning, become conditioned stimuli that invigorate
and guide animals toward rewards. Dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area …

Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area support intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS),
yet the cognitive representations underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Here, 20-Hz …

Recent success in training artificial agents and robots derives from a combination of direct
learning of behavioural policies and indirect learning through value functions,–. Policy …

Phasic dopamine activity is believed to both encode reward‐prediction errors (RPEs) and to
cause the adaptations that these errors engender. If so, a rat working for optogenetic …

Separable striatal circuits have unique functions in Pavlovian and instrumental behaviors
but how these roles relate to performance of sequences of actions with and without …