Evapotranspiration (ET)—the distribution and partitioning of which is strongly mediated by
vegetation—is central to the water, energy and carbon cycles. In this Review, we examine …

Green water—terrestrial precipitation, evaporation and soil moisture—is fundamental to
Earth system dynamics and is now extensively perturbed by human pressures at continental …

Tree restoration is an effective way to store atmospheric carbon and mitigate climate
change. However, large-scale tree-cover expansion has long been known to increase …

Surface-water availability, defined as precipitation minus evapotranspiration, can be affected
by changes in vegetation. These impacts can be local, due to the modification of …

The possibility that the Amazon forest system could soon reach a tipping point, inducing
large-scale collapse, has raised global concern,–. For 65 million years, Amazonian forests …

Safe and just Earth system boundaries (ESBs) for surface water and groundwater (blue
water) have been defined for sustainable water management in the Anthropocene. Here we …

Anthropogenic pressures and climate change are altering water flows worldwide. Better
understanding, new economic thinking and an international governance framework are …

Green water, or plant‐available soil moisture, is a substantial subset of terrestrial fresh
water. Land‐use change (LUC) alters green water dynamics through interactions on the …

Large-scale deforestation alters water availability through its direct effect on runoff
generation and indirect effect through forest-climate feedbacks. However, these direct and …

Atmospheric moisture recycling effectively increases the amount of usable water over land
as the water can undergo multiple precipitation–evapotranspiration cycles. Differences in …