The immune system is designed to protect the host from infection and injury. However, when
an adaptive immune response continues unchecked in the brain, the proinflammatory innate …

Recent advances in cancer therapy encounter a bottleneck. Relapsing/recurrent disease
almost always developed eventually with resistance to the initially effective drugs. Tumor …

Abstract CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells were shown to control all aspects of immune
responses. How these Treg cells develop is not fully defined, especially in neonates during …

IL-2 is critical to the activation, growth, and survival of T cells and NK cells, and maintains the
delicate balance between auto-immunity and anti-neoplasm surveillance. High IL-2 doses …

Granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells from tumorbearing mice inhibit the
differentiation of iTreg. MDSCs and Tregs play an essential role in the immunosuppressive …

T regulatory cells (Treg) avert autoimmunity, but their increased levels in melanoma confer a
poor prognosis. To explore the basis for Treg accumulation in melanoma, we evaluated …

Microbiota has been widely considered to play a critical role in human carcinogenesis.
Recent evidence demonstrated that microbiota, epithelial barrier and inflammation has …

Neurodegeneration is characterized by gradual onset and limited availability of specific
biomarkers. Apart from various aetiologies such as infection, trauma, genetic mutation, the …

The immune system provides defenses against invading pathogens while maintaining
immune tolerance to self-antigens. This immune homeostasis is harmonized by the direct …

Immunizations that target specific types of immune responses are used commonly to prevent
microbial infections. However, a range of immune responses may prove necessary to …