X-ray crystallography is a critical tool in the study of biological systems. It is able to provide
information that has been a prerequisite to understanding the fundamentals of life. It is also a …

The refinement and validation of a crystallographic structure model is the last step before the
coordinates and the associated data are submitted to the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The …

Some Bacteroidetes and other human colonic bacteria can degrade arabinoxylans, common
polysaccharides found in dietary fiber. Previous work has identified gene clusters …

Phaser is a program for phasing macromolecular crystal structures by both molecular
replacement and experimental phasing methods. The novel phasing algorithms …

The CCP4 (Collaborative Computational Project, Number 4) software suite is a collection of
programs and associated data and software libraries which can be used for macromolecular …

Thephase problem'in crystallography results from the inability to directly measure the
phases of individual diffracted X-ray waves. While intensities are directly measured during …

MyD88 and MAL are Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptors that signal to induce pro-inflammatory
cytokine production. We previously observed that the TIR domain of MAL (MALTIR) forms …

CHAINSAW is a model editing program for use in molecular replacement. Given a sequence
alignment between template and target, it modifies the template structure on a residue-by …

Glycans are the major carbon sources available to the human colonic microbiota. Numerous
N-glycosylated proteins are found in the human gut, from both dietary and host sources …

Voltage-gated sodium channels are vital membrane proteins essential for electrical
signalling; in humans, they are key targets for the development of pharmaceutical drugs …