Highlights•We present a meta-analysis for novel object tests and discuss different
practices.•Novel object tests efficiently quantify individual differences in behaviour.• …

Behavioural syndromes are suites of behaviours that corelate between-individuals but the
same behaviours may also show within-individual correlations owing to state dependency or …

Highlights•We tested repeatability and heritability of exploration and cognition in
lizards.•Only exploration and spatial learning were moderately repeatable between …

The repeatable among-individual variation in behavior (animal personality) is considered to
affect fitness. The variation in personality traits is shaped by complex evolutionary …

Aggression plays a crucial role in deterring predators and securing resources to promote
fitness. Nevertheless, studies focussing on female aggression remain scarce. In songbirds …

Individual differences in laterality and personality are expected to covary, as emotions are
processed differently by the two hemispheres, and personality involves emotional behavior …

Characterizing individual differences in cognition is crucial for understanding the evolution
of cognition as well as to test the biological consequences of different cognitive traits. Here …

The genus Acomys is of growing importance to many research fields. Previous research has
shown that individuals differ when exploring new environments and that these behavioural …

It is well established that, across taxa, individuals within populations exhibit consistent
differences in their behaviour across time and/or contexts. Further, the functional coupling of …

The evolution of cognition is one of the most enigmatic topics within biology. In particular,
which exact (socio-) ecological forces shape the evolution of cognition remains unclear …