Bipolar disorders (BD) represent a severe leading disabling mental condition worldwide
characterized by episodic and often progressive mood fluctuations with manic and …

The gastrointestinal (GI) barrier serves a critical role in survival and overall health of animals
and humans. Several layers of barrier defense mechanisms are provided by the epithelial …

Racial trauma refers to experiences related to threats, prejudices, harm, shame, humiliation,
and guilt associated with various types of racial discrimination, either for direct victims or …

Traditionally, irritable bowel syndrome has been considered to be a disorder with no known
underlying structural or biochemical explanation, but this concept is likely to be outdated. In …

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may be referred to by other terms (eg, early life
adversity or stress and childhood trauma) and have a lifelong impact on mental and physical …

Abstract Background and Aims This Rome Foundation Working Team Report reflects the
consensus of an international, interdisciplinary team of experts regarding the use of …

The broad role of stress in the brain-gut axis is widely acknowledged, with implications for
multiple prevalent health conditions that are characterized by chronic gastrointestinal …

The human adult gut contains more than 1 kg of bacteria, essentially the same weight as the
human brain. 1 It is generally estimated that the gut is inhabited by 1013 to 1014 …

Research suggests that many children are exposed to adverse experiences in childhood.
Such adverse childhood exposures may result in stress and trauma, which are associated …

The high comorbidity of psychological disorders in both functional and organic
gastrointestinal diseases suggests the intimate and complex link between the brain and the …