Although the genital tract is considered to be a component of the mucosal immune system, it
displays several distinct features not shared by other typical mucosal tissues and external …

The heat-labile enterotoxins expressed by Vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin) and Escherichia
coli (LT-I, LT-IIa and LT-IIb) are potent systemic and mucosal adjuvants. Coadministration of …

Noroviruses are the major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. However, little is
known regarding the norovirus life cycle, including cell binding and entry. In contrast to …

The variable efficacy of tuberculosis (TB) vaccines and the emergence of drug-resistant
strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) emphasize the urgency for not only generating …

The development of more advanced and effective vaccines is of great interest in modern
medicine. These new-generation vaccines, based on recombinant proteins or DNA, are …

The immune response to Neisseria gonorrhoeae is poorly understood, but its extensive
antigenic variability and resistance to complement are thought to allow it to evade …

Introduction: The nontoxic heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of Escherichia coli and the B subunit
of LT (LTB) have been extensively studied as potent vaccine adjuvants. Areas covered: This …

Summary Expression of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Protein II (P. II) is subject to phase variation
and antigenic variation. The P. II proteins made by one strain possess both unique and …

Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae produce structurally related AB5-type heat-labile
enterotoxins, which are classified into two major types. The Type I subfamily includes …

Mucosal vaccines are thought to confer superior protection against mucosal infectious
diseases. In addition, mucosal routes of vaccine delivery preferentially induce the …