The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has long been considered an interface between the
basal ganglia and motor systems, and its ability to regulate arousal states puts the PPN in a …

The lateral part of the mesopontine tegmentum contains functionally important structures
involved in the control of posture and gait. Specifically, the mesencephalic locomotor region …

Arrest of ongoing movements is an integral part of executing motor programs. Behavioral
arrest may happen upon termination of a variety of goal-directed movements or as a global …

Cholinergic transmission in the striatal complex is critical for the modulation of the activity of
local microcircuits and dopamine release. Release of acetylcholine has been considered to …

The pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nucleus has long been implicated in the regulation
of cortical activity and behavioral states, including rapid eye-movement (REM) sleep. For …

The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) has been initially identified as a supraspinal
center capable of initiating and modulating locomotion. Whereas its functional contribution to …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a locomotor command area containing
glutamatergic neurons that control locomotor initiation and maintenance. These motor …

In Parkinson's disease (PD), fibrillar forms of α-synuclein are hypothesized to propagate
through synaptically coupled networks, causing Lewy pathology (LP) and …

Neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) exhibit a wide heterogeneity in terms of
their neurochemical nature, their discharge properties, and their connectivity. Such …

In 1966, Shik, Severin and Orlovskii discovered that electrical stimulation of a region at the
junction between the midbrain and hindbrain elicited controlled walking and running in the …