Simple Summary The social complexity hypothesis (SCH) for communication predicts that
species with complex social systems exhibit complex communication systems. Testing the …

We review studies of the social systems of the living elephants—the Asian elephant
(Elephas maximus), African savannah elephant (Loxodonta africana), and African forest …

To survive, all organisms must maximize energy input and reproductive output and minimize
risk. This applies to how they travel through their environment. Due to numerous mechanical …

Elephants are essential ecological engineers, creating and maintaining landscape structure
and ecosystem function. The recently distinguished and critically endangered forest …

Highlights•We estimated factors associated with group size in GPS-collared forest
elephants.•Average group size was five individuals (range 1–10).•As human disturbance …

Understanding the ecological factors influencing African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis)
abundance and distribution is crucial for their conservation management in Central Africa …

The ecology and behaviour of woolly and Columbian mammoths and mastodons have been
extensively studied. Despite this, their patterns of mobility, and particularly the question of …

Forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis), the smallest and least studied of the three extant
elephant species, predominately inhabit the Guinean and Congolian tropical forests from …

Global biodiversity is threatened by the anthropogenic restructuring of animal communities,
rewiring species interaction networks in real-time as individual species are extirpated or …

In the world, only 3 species of elephants remain. We have studied African Elephants
(Loxodonta cyclotis, L. africana) in this paper. The African elephants follow a matriarch …