During illnesses caused by infectious disease or other sources of inflammation, a suite of
brain-mediated responses called the sickness syndrome occurs, which includes fever …

A number of hormones and metabolic mediators signal the brain of changes in the body's
energy status and when an imbalance occurs; the brain coordinates the appropriate …

Immune and neuroendocrine systems have bidirectional communications. Growth hormone
(GH) and an orexigenic hormone ghrelin are expressed in various immune cells such as T …

Vertebrate sickness behaviors, which include lethargy, anorexia, and decreased libido, can
facilitate defense against pathogens by conserving energy for use in other immune …

Numerous peptides released from endocrine cells in the intestinal mucosa were established
early on to be involved in the physiological regulation of food intake with a prominent role in …

One of the major fundamental causes for the aging of the immune system is the structural
and functional involution of the thymus, and the associated decline in de novo naïve T …

Early on, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a hallmark brain peptide mediating many
components of the stress response, was shown to affect food intake inducing a robust …

The gut microbiota may directly or indirectly influence secretion of the orexigenic hormone,
ghrelin, similar to the modulation of satiety inducing GI hormones. Although data …

Antipsychotic medications (APs), particularly second-generation APs, are associated with
significant weight gain in schizophrenia patients. Recent evidence suggests that the immune …

Background: In steady state conditions intestinal immune homeostasis is maintained by a
sophisticated bidirectional dialogue between the microbiota and the intestinal immune …