Temperament describes the idea that individual behavioural differences are repeatable over
time and across situations. This common phenomenon covers numerous traits, such as …

The theory of warning signals dates back to Wallace but is still confusing, controversial and
complex. Because predator avoidance of warningly coloured prey (aposematism) is based …

Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks
and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It …

Behavioural flexibility has long been thought to provide advantages for animals when they
invade novel environments. This hypothesis has recently received empirical support in a …

Nearly fifty years ago DF Berlyne (1950) wrote Psychology has so far had surprisingly little to
say about stimuli which influence behavior simply because they are new. Stimuli which owe …

Conspicuous warning signals of unprofitable prey are a defense against visually hunting
predators. They work because predators learn to associate unprofitability with bright …

Aposematic theory has historically predicted that predators should select for warning signals
to converge on a single form, as a result of frequency‐dependent learning. However …

Colour pattern variation is a striking and widespread phenomenon. Differential predation
risk between individuals is often invoked to explain colour variation, but empirical support for …

We briefly review the literature on social learning in birds, concluding that strong evidence
exists mainly for predator recognition, song, mate choice and foraging. The mechanism of …

Every animal occupies a unique cognitive world based on its sensory capacities, and
attentional and learning biases. Behaviour results from the interaction of this cognitive world …