In response to the need to minimize the use of experimental animals, new approach
methodologies (NAMs) using advanced technology have emerged in the 21st century …

Thyroid hormone system disrupting compounds are considered potential threats for human
and environmental health. Multiple adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) for thyroid hormone …

Background: Studies characterizing associations between phenols, phthalates and thyroid
hormones during pregnancy produce inconsistent results. This divergence may be partly …

Abstract The US Environmental Protection Agency is evaluating the ecological and
toxicological effects of per-and polyfluorinated chemicals. A number of perfluorinated …

Incidences of thyroid disease, which has long been hypothesized to be partially caused by
exposure to thyroid hormone disrupting chemicals (TDCs), have rapidly increased in recent …

Over the past decade, there has been increased concern for environmental chemicals that
can target various sites within the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis to potentially disrupt …

The success and sustainability of US EPA efforts to reduce, refine, and replace in vivo
animal testing depends on the ability to translate toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic data from …

Iron oxide (magnetite) is the core of magnetic nanoparticles, which can be directed to the
desired location using an external magnet. In this study, the magnetic nanoparticles were …

Multiple in vivo test guidelines focusing on the estrogen, androgen, thyroid, and
steroidogenesis pathways have been developed and validated for mammals, amphibians …

Transthyretin (TTR) is one of the serum binding proteins responsible for transport of thyroid
hormones (TH) to target tissue and for maintaining the balance of available TH. Chemical …