Intravesical BCG instillation is the gold-standard adjuvant immunotherapy for patients with
high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, the precise mechanism of action by …

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) include endogenous intracellular
molecules released by activated or necrotic cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules …

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the greatest threats to human health. The causative
bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is acquired by the respiratory route. It is …

Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) may activate innate immunity through the engagement of
TLRs by endogenous ligands. TLR4 expressed within the kidney is a potential mediator of …

Monocytes and macrophages express cytokines and procoagulant molecules in various
inflammatory diseases. In sepsis, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonists induce a subset of TLR4-inducible
proinflammatory genes, which suggests the use of differential signaling pathways. Murine …

Excessive immune responses are detrimental to the host and negative feedback regulation
is crucial for the maintenance of immune-system integrity. Recent studies have shown that …

Invading pathogens are controlled by the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system.
Adaptive immunity, which is mediated by B and T lymphocytes, recognises pathogens by …

NLRs (nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeats) belong to a large family of
cytoplasmic sensors that regulate an extraordinarily diverse range of biological functions …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play an essential role in a macrophage's response to
mycobacterial infections. However, how these receptors work in concert to promote this …