Despite the introduction of over 15 third-generation anti-epileptic drugs, current medications
fail to control seizures in 20–30% of patients. However, our understanding of the …

Astrocytes are key homeostatic regulators in the central nervous system and play important
roles in physiology. After brain damage caused by eg, status epilepticus, traumatic brain …

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and epilepsy are common neurological diseases of
childhood, with an estimated incidence of approximately 0.5–1% of the worldwide …

In physiological conditions, adult neurons have low intracellular Cl−[(Cl−) I] levels
underlying the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic inhibitory drive. In contrast, neurons have …

The WNK-SPAK/OSR1 kinase complex is composed of the kinases WNK (with no lysine)
and SPAK (SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) or the SPAK homolog OSR1 (oxidative …

Synaptic inhibition plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability, which is the
foundation of nervous system function. This inhibition is largely mediated by the …

Epilepsy often develops in patients with glioma, and the two conditions share common
pathogenic mechanisms. Altered expression of glutamate transporters, including the cystine …

Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological disorder characterized by unprovoked seizures. γ-
Aminobutyric acid (GABA) serves as the primary fast inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain …

Epilepsy involves neuronal dysfunction at molecular, cellular, and circuit levels. The
understanding of the mechanism of the epilepsies has advanced greatly in the last three …

Cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) NKCC1 and NKCC2 catalyze electroneutral symport
of 1 Na+, 1 K+, and 2 Cl− across cell membranes. NKCC1 mediates trans-epithelial Cl …