In the early 1950s, Austin and Chang independently described the changes that are
required for the sperm to fertilize oocytes in vivo. These changes were originally grouped …

BACKGROUND Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process of degrading and recycling
proteins and organelles to modulate various physiological and pathological events …

The reaction of CO2 with H2O to form bicarbonate (HCO3−) and H+ controls sperm motility
and fertilization via HCO3−-stimulated cAMP synthesis. A complex network of signaling …

Sperm motility is linked to the activation of signaling pathways that trigger movement. These
pathways are mainly dependent on Ca2+, which acts as a secondary messenger. The …

The Catsper channel is a sperm-specific, Ca 2+-permeable, pH-dependent, and low voltage-
dependent channel that is essential for the hyperactivity of sperm flagellum, chemotaxis …

Sperm selection in the female reproductive tract (FRT) is sophisticated. Only about 1,000
sperm out of millions in an ejaculate reach the fallopian tube and thus have a chance of …

BACKGROUND Intensive research on sperm ion channels has identified members of
several ion channel families in both mouse and human sperm. Gene knock-out studies have …

Although human sperm is morphologically mature in the epididymis, it cannot fertilize eggs
before capacitation. Cholesterol efflux from the sperm plasma membrane is a key molecular …

Alkalinization of sperm cytosol is essential for plasma membrane hyperpolarization,
hyperactivation of motility, and acrosomal exocytosis during sperm capacitation in mammals …

Abstract The 3′, 5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) dependent protein kinase
(PKA) is a tetrameric holoenzyme comprising a set of two regulatory subunits (PKA-R) and …