Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) and bone morphometric proteins (BMPs) belong to
the TGF-β superfamily and perform essential functions during osteoblast and chondrocyte …

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling
has fundamental roles in both embryonic skeletal development and postnatal bone …

Skeletal aging is a complex process, characterized by a decrease in bone formation, an
increase in marrow fat, and stem cell exhaustion. Loss of H3K9me3, a heterochromatin …

The skeleton is a highly dynamic tissue whose structure relies on the balance between bone
deposition and resorption. This equilibrium, which depends on osteoblast and osteoclast …

The balance between bone forming cells (osteoblasts/osteocytes) and bone resorbing cells
(osteoclasts) plays a crucial role in tissue homeostasis and bone repair. Several hormones …

BMP signaling plays an important role in dentin development. BMPs and antagonists
regulate odontoblast differentiation and downstream gene expression via canonical Smad …

RUNX2 is an essential transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte
maturation. SP7, another transcription factor, is required for osteoblast differentiation. Major …

The evolutionarily conserved Wnt signaling pathway plays a central role in development and
adult tissue homeostasis across species. Wnt proteins are secreted, lipid-modified signaling …

Wnt signaling executes an indispensable performance in osteoblast differentiation, bone
development, homeostasis, and remodeling. Wnt signals trigger the intracellular Wnt …

The paper presents the current understanding on the effects of five metals on bone tissue,
namely iron, zinc, copper, cadmium, and mercury. Iron, zinc, and copper contribute …