It is well established that greenhouse conditions prevailed during the Cretaceous Period (~
145–66 Ma). Determining the exact nature of the greenhouse-gas forcing, climatic warming …

Abstract The Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT) was a climate shift from a largely ice-free
greenhouse world to an icehouse climate, involving the first major glaciation of Antarctica …

Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids are membrane lipids which were long
thought to be synthesized mainly by archaea, organisms thought to be limited to extreme …

Oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) record profound changes in the climatic and
paleoceanographic state of the planet and represent major disturbances in the global …

Water masses can become undersaturated with oxygen when natural processes alone or in
combination with anthropogenic processes produce enough organic carbon that is …

Variations in the 13C/12C value of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the world's
oceans through time have been documented through stratigraphic study of marine …

A new 55 my global compilation of benthic foraminifera δ13C and δ18O for the middle to
Late Cretaceous shows that there was widespread formation of bottom waters with …

Mid‐Cretaceous (Barremian‐Turonian) plankton preserved in deep‐sea marl, organic‐rich
shale, and pelagic carbonate hold an important record of how the marine biosphere …

Oxygen isotope analyses of well-preserved foraminifera from Blake Nose (30° N
paleolatitude, North Atlantic) and globally distributed deep-sea sites provide a long-term …

Recent studies have purported to show a closer correspondence between reconstructed
Phanerozoic records of cosmic ray flux and temperature than between CO2 and …