Coal, containing all the elements that are present in nature and more than 200 minerals, has
a complex chemical structure, making it one of the most complex geological materials …

Rare earth elements (REE) include the lanthanide series elements (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm,
Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) plus Sc and Y. Currently these metals have become …

In 2015, fly ash utilization rates were 70% for China, 62% for India, and 50% for the US. This
leaves substantial potential for increased utilization. This article summarizes available …

Coal-fired power plants still dominate the electricity market in Southeast Asia, supplying
around 30% of the total demand, and the demand trend for this sector will continue to be …

Coal is a resource primarily used for electric power generation, and currently supplies 41%
of global electricity needs. Coal can also be considered as an economic source of …

Fly ash (FA) is a solid, fine powder that constitutes a by-product obtained when coal,
biomass, municipal solid waste or a mixture of these are combusted. This review article …

Utilization is one of the prominent strategies for the management of hazardous industrial
wastes like fly ash. As fossil-based power is expected to remain a major source of global …

Over the years, the production of waste ash from many sources (eg coal, biomass, industrial,
animal, and municipal solid waste) and from conventional and renewable energy …

The supply risk for some critical rare-earth elements (REEs), which are instrumental in many
cleantech applications, has sparked the development of innovative recycling schemes for …

Coal deposits have attracted much attention in recent years as promising alternative raw
sources for rare earth elements and yttrium (REY), not only because the REY concentrations …