Refereeing in sports is about fairness. The referee's job is to balance what the player with
the ball thinks is fair with what the player trying to take the ball thinks is fair. Referees are …

Background The importance of soccer referees is widely accepted by international soccer
organizations and governing bodies, although there is little research summarizing and …

Objectives 1) To evaluate current physical performance tests used within professional male
youth soccer; 2) to understand the relationship of these tests performance in relation to …

This study aimed to examine how soccer referees make decisions about issuing yellow
cards for fouls. The research involved 60 male participants, divided into expert (n= 30) and …

There is evidence that elite soccer players live longer than general population, but there is
no information on soccer coaches and referees. We aimed to analyze the longevity of both …

The video assistant referee (VAR), popularized in football (soccer), has been decisive in
many games played in several international and domestic competitions ever since the …

Introduction: Adequate endurance is a critical element of success in football, both at
professional and amateur levels. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of …

The value of professional soccer teams has been increasing year over year as the value of
the players continues to increase. The increasing value of the teams puts more weight on …

This part of the book significantly advances our understanding of the foundational aspects
and evolutionary trajectory of officiating in sports. The chapters collectively shine a light on …

This chapter discusses the challenging area of the career development of officials. It is
challenging because there is little work that looks across different types of officials (ie …