Exosomes are specialized cargo delivery vesicles secreted from cells by fusion of
multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane (PM). While the function of …

From bacteria to humans, cells secrete a large variety of membrane-bound extracellular
vesicles. Only relatively recently has it however started to become clear that the exovesicular …

The mechanism of phagophore closure remains unclear due to technical limitations in
distinguishing unclosed and closed autophagosomal membranes. Here, we report the …

The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is an assembly of
protein subcomplexes (ESCRT I-III) that cooperate with the ATPase VPS4 to mediate …

As a compartment border, the nuclear envelope (NE) needs to serve as both a protective
membrane shell for the genome and a versatile communication interface between the …

The late endosomes/endo‐lysosomes of vertebrates contain an atypical phospholipid,
lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA)(also termed bis [monoacylglycero] phosphate [BMP]) …

Exosomes are nano‐sized bioactive vesicles of 30–150 nm in diameter. They are secreted
by exocytosis of nearly all type of cells in to the extracellular fluid. Thereby, they can be …

Diabetes belongs to a group of metabolic disorders characterized by long term high blood
glucose levels due to either inadequate production of insulin (Type 1 diabetes, T1DM) or …

In the conserved autophagy pathway, autophagosomes (APs) engulf cellular components
and deliver them to the lysosome for degradation. Before fusing with the lysosome, APs …

Exosomes are small vesicles of endosomal origin that are released by almost all cell types,
even those that are pathologically altered. Exosomes widely participate in cell-to-cell …