Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines. Despite being widely used in
vaccines, their action mechanisms are not yet clear. With a greater understanding of the …

During the COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA (mRNA) vaccines emerged as leading vaccine
candidates in a record time. Nonreplicating mRNA (NRM) and self-amplifying mRNA (SAM) …

Due to emergence of new variants of pathogenic micro-organisms the treatment and
immunization of infectious diseases have become a great challenge in the past few years. In …

Metal nanoclusters, composed of several to a few hundred metal atoms, have received
worldwide attention due to their extraordinary physical and chemical characteristics …

Nanotechnology increasingly plays a significant role in vaccine development. As vaccine
development orientates toward less immunogenic “minimalist” compositions, formulations …

For cancer immunotherapy via tumor antigen vaccination in combination with an adjuvant,
major challenges include the identification of a particular tumor antigen and efficient delivery …

Self‐assembled DNA nanostructures have emerged as a type of nano‐biomaterials with
precise structures, versatile functions and numerous applications. One particularly promising …

Among the emerging subunit vaccines are recombinant protein-and synthetic peptide-based
vaccine formulations. However, proteins and peptides have a low intrinsic immunogenicity …

Vaccines activate suitable immune responses to fight against diseases but can possess
limitations such as compromised efficacy and immunogenic responses, poor stability, and …

Development of safe and effective cancer vaccine formulation is a primary focus in the field
of cancer immunotherapy. The recognition of the crucial role of dendritic cells (DCs) in …