Our improved understanding of how innate immune responses can be initiated and how
they can shape adaptive B‐and T‐cell responses is having a significant impact on vaccine …

Introduction: Although much progress has been made in the last decade (s) toward
development of effective cancer vaccines, there are still important obstacles to therapeutic …

Purpose Intestinal mucositis and diarrhea are common manifestations of anticancer
regimens that include irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and other cytotoxic drugs. These side …

The importance of T helper type 1 (Th1) cell immunity in host resistance to the intracellular
bacterium Francisella tularensis is well established. However, the relative roles of interleukin …

Abstract Learning Objectives After completing this course, the reader should be able to:
Describe the subtypes of Toll-like receptor 7 and 8 agonists and their effect on the different …

Cross-talk within the innate immune pathways is highly complex and contains many
unknowns. Here, we discuss the different combinations of PAMPs, together with the …

The innate immune system plays an essential role in the host's first line of defense against
microbial invasion, and involves the recognition of distinct pathogen-associated molecular …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may need to cooperate with each other to be effective in detecting
imminent infection and trigger immune responses. Understanding is still limited about the …

TLRs are innate immune receptors that recognize pathogen-associated structures. Binding
of ligands to different TLRs can induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines in a …

Background. Systemic administration of IL-12p70 has demonstrated clinical activity in
cancer patients, but dose-limiting toxicities have hindered its incorporation in vaccine …