Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on
the cell type, can be activated (ie, T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (ie, T3 to 3, 3′-diiodo-l …

Insulin resistance is a complex metabolic disorder that defies explanation by a single
etiological pathway. Accumulation of ectopic lipid metabolites, activation of the unfolded …

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is a naturally occurring hydrophilic bile acid that has
been used for centuries in Chinese medicine. Chemically, TUDCA is a taurine conjugate of …

Recently, there has been an increasing amount of literature published on the effects of 4-
phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) in various biological systems. 4-PBA is currently used clinically to …

Objective Gut microbiota may promote positive energy balance; however, germfree mice can
be either resistant or susceptible to diet-induced obesity (DIO) depending on the type of …

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a significant role in diverse processes related to growth,
development, differentiation, and metabolism. TH signaling modulates energy expenditure …

Deiodinases modify the biological activity of thyroid hormone (TH) molecules, ie, they may
activate thyroxine (T4) to 3, 5, 3′-triiodothyronine (T3), or they may inactivate T3 to 3, 3 …

Bile acids (BA), long believed to only have lipid-digestive functions, have emerged as novel
metabolic modulators. They have important endocrine effects through multiple cytoplasmic …

BACKGROUND: Thyroid hormone signaling is critical for development, growth and
metabolic control in vertebrates. Although serum concentration of thyroid hormone is …

The presence of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adults has become increasingly well defined
as a result of functional imaging studies of thermogenically active BAT. Findings from these …