In the coming years and decades, advanced space-and ground-based observatories will
allow an unprecedented opportunity to probe the atmospheres and surfaces of potentially …

The prospects for the habitability of M-dwarf planets have long been debated, due to key
differences between the unique stellar and planetary environments around these low-mass …

Earth has had oceans for nearly four billion years and Mars had lakes and rivers 3.5–3.8
billion years ago. However, it is still unknown whether water has ever condensed on the …

Radial velocity monitoring has found the signature of a Msini= 1.3M⊕ planet located within
the habitable zone (HZ) of Proxima Centauri. Despite a hotter past and an active host star …

Low-mass stars show evidence of vigorous magnetic activity in the form of large flares and
coronal mass ejections. Such space weather events may have important ramifications for the …

A planetary atmosphere is the outer gas layer of a planet. Besides its scientific significance
among the first and most accessible planetary layers observed from space, it is closely …

Abstract Resolving Orbital and Climate Keys of Earth and Extraterrestrial Environments with
Dynamics (ROCKE-3D) is a three-dimensional General Circulation Model (GCM) developed …

The discovery of planets around other stars is revolutionizing our notions of planet formation
and is poised to do the same for planetary climate. Studying transiting planets is …

Rocky planets orbiting M-dwarf stars are among the most promising and abundant
astronomical targets for detecting habitable climates. Planets in the M-dwarf habitable zone …

Conventional definitions of habitability require abundant liquid surface water to exist
continuously over geologic timescales. Water in each of its thermodynamic phases interacts …