MicroRNAs (miRNAs) modulate plant homeostasis through the inactivation of specific
mRNAs, especially those encoding transcription factors. A delicate spatial/temporal balance …

The specificity of RNA silencing is conferred by small RNA guides that are processed from
structured RNA or dsRNA. The core components for small RNA biogenesis and effector …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important for regulating gene expression in muticellular
organisms. MiRNA processing is a two-step process. In animal cells, the first step is nuclear …

Plant defense responses against pathogens are mediated by activation and repression of a
large array of genes. Host endogenous small RNAs are essential in this gene expression …

In flowering plants, the two sperm cells are embedded within the cytoplasm of the growing
pollen tube and as such are passively transported to the embryo sac, wherein double …

DNA methylation is a fundamental epigenetic modification that regulates gene expression
and represses endogenous transposons and invading DNA viruses. As a counter-defense …

Since its discovery in the late 1970s, the ubiquitin proteasome pathway appears to be
omnipresent in many research fields. Although originally discovered in animals, the pathway …

In plants and invertebrates, viral-derived siRNAs processed by the RNaseIII Dicer guide
Argonaute (AGO) proteins as part of antiviral RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC). As …

Transposable elements (TEs) contribute to genome size, organization and evolution. In
plants, their activity is primarily controlled by transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), usually …

Dicer, a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-specific endoribonuclease, plays an essential role
in triggering both transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing in eukaryotes by …