Although classically known as an endocrine signal produced by the ovary, 17β-estradiol (E
2) is also a neurosteroid produced in neurons and astrocytes in the brain of many different …

Diverse cognitive functions in many vertebrate species are influenced by local conversion of
androgens to 17β-estradiol (E2) by aromatase. This enzyme is highly expressed in various …

Songbirds have emerged as exceptional research subjects for helping us appreciate and
understand estrogen synthesis and function in brain. In the context of recognizing the …

Estradiol acts as a neuromodulator in brain regions important for cognition and sensory
processing. Estradiol also shapes brain sex differences but rarely have these concepts been …

Conspecific vocalizations differ from many other sounds in that they have natural incentive
salience. Our thinking about auditory responses to vocalizations may therefore benefit from …

Abstract Contribution to Special Issue on Fast effects of steroids. Steroid hormones, such as
estrogens, were once thought to be exclusively synthesized in the ovaries and enact …

Neurons communicate primarily via action potentials that transmit information on the
timescale of milliseconds. Neurons also integrate information via alterations in gene …

Epigenetic mechanisms that modify chromatin conformation have recently been under
investigation for their contributions to learning and the formation of memory. For example …

In this mini-review, we summarize the brain distribution of aromatase, the enzyme catalyzing
the synthesis of estrogens from androgens, and the mechanisms responsible for regulating …

Estrogens shape brain circuits during development, and the capacity to synthesize
estrogens locally has consequences for both sexual differentiation and the acute modulation …