Climate extremes threaten human health, economic stability, and the well-being of natural
and built environments (eg, 2003 European heat wave). As the world continues to warm …

Aerosols interact with radiation and clouds. Substantial progress made over the past 40
years in observing, understanding, and modeling these processes helped quantify the …

We describe the baseline coupled model configuration and simulation characteristics of
GFDL's Earth System Model Version 4.1 (ESM4. 1), which builds on component and coupled …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Abstract The Community Land Model (CLM) is the land component of the Community Earth
System Model (CESM) and is used in several global and regional modeling systems. In this …

Black carbon (BC) has emerged as an important short-lived climate forcer. Due to its light
absorption properties, BC can darken the snow/ice surface, affect the energy balance, and …

ABSTRACT The Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings are known as the Third Pole (TP).
This region is noted for its high rates of glacier melt and the associated hydrological shifts …

As one of the brightest natural surfaces on Earth, the darkening of snow by light-absorbing
particles (LAPs)—dust, black carbon or microbial growth—can trigger albedo feedbacks and …

The literature on atmospheric particulate matter (PM), or atmospheric aerosol, has increased
enormously over the last 2 decades and amounts now to some 1500–2000 papers per year …

Black carbon aerosol plays a unique and important role in Earth's climate system. Black
carbon is a type of carbonaceous material with a unique combination of physical properties …