Influenza A viruses cause pandemics when they cross between species and an
antigenically novel virus acquires the ability to infect and transmit between these new hosts …

Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly infectious respiratory pathogen, has continued to be a
significant threat to global public health. To complete their life cycle, influenza viruses have …

As exemplified by coronaviruses and influenza viruses, bats and birds are natural reservoirs
for providing viral genes during evolution of new virus species and viruses for interspecies …

Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A viruses occasionally infect humans, but currently
do not transmit efficiently among humans. The viral haemagglutinin (HA) protein is a known …

Evolution of RNA viruses occurs through disequilibria of collections of closely related mutant
spectra or mutant clouds termed viral quasispecies. Here we review the origin of the …

Influenza virus contains a single-stranded negative-sense RNA genome. Replication of the
genome is carried out by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in the context of the …

The recent emergence of a novel avian A/H 7 N 9 influenza virus in poultry and humans in C
hina, as well as laboratory studies on adaptation and transmission of avian A/H 5 N 1 …

Influenza A viruses are zoonotic pathogens that continuously circulate and change in
several animal hosts, including birds, pigs, horses and humans. The emergence of novel …

Abstract A novel H7N9 influenza A virus first detected in March 2013 has since caused more
than 130 human infections in China, resulting in 40 deaths,. Preliminary analyses suggest …

Aquatic birds represent a vast reservoir from which new pandemic influenza A viruses can
emerge. Influenza viruses contain a negative-sense segmented RNA genome that is …