Botulinum neurotoxins are diverse proteins. They are currently represented by at least seven
serotypes and more than 40 subtypes. New clostridial strains that produce novel neurotoxin …

Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins are the most poisonous substances known, so much so
as to be considered for a possible terrorist use. At the same time, botulinum neurotoxin type …

Bacterial toxins are food safety hazards causing about 10% of all reported foodborne
outbreaks in Europe. Pertinent to Gram‐positive pathogens, the most relevant toxins are …

In the environment, there are polluting substances that can cause adverse reactions in
human beings when entering the body through different ways (ingestion, inhalation …

A toxin is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms. One of the most
potent groups of toxins currently known are the Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs). These are …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the etiological agents of botulism, are the deadliest toxins
known to humans. Yet, thanks to their biological and toxicological features, BoNTs have …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most lethal toxins among all bacterial, animal, plant
and chemical poisonous compounds. Although a great effort has been made to understand …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is produced by the anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium
Clostridium botulinum. As one of the most poisonous toxins known and a potential …

Abstract According to the World Health Organization estimates in 2015, 600 million people
fall ill every year from contaminated food and 420,000 die. Microbial risk assessment (MRA) …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are highly potent toxins responsible for a severe disease,
called botulism. They are also efficient therapeutic tools with an increasing number of …