The glycan chains of vertebrate glycoconjugates are composed mostly of five-and six-
carbon sugars. One striking exception is the family of sialic acids (Sia), which are R-keto …

Recognition of nonself is the first step in mounting immune responses. In the innate immune
systems of both vertebrates and arthropods, such recognition, termed pattern recognition, is …

There is increasing evidence of an intimate connection between participants in the innate
immune system and in development. Molecules involved in the determination of dorso …

The immunoglobulin superfamily is a large category of proteins defined by their structural
similarity to immunoglobulins. The majority of these proteins are involved in protein–protein …

Hemolin, a plasma protein from lepidopteran insects, is composed of four immunoglobulin
domains. Its synthesis is induced by microbial challenge. We investigated the biological …

Bacterial recognition in the lepidopteran insect, Manduca sexta, is mediated by pattern
recognition proteins including Hemolin, Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) and …

Hemolin is one of the haemolymph proteins most strongly induced upon bacterial infection
in Lepidoptera. When we applied RNA interference (RNAi) to suppress Hemolin expression …

An up to 10,000-fold resistance against the biocontrol agent Cydia pomonella granulovirus
(CpGV) was observed in field populations of codling moth, C. pomonella, in Europe …

The recognition and inactivation of toxins and pathogens are mediated by a combination of
cell-free and cellular mechanisms. A number of soluble and membrane-bound pattern …

As a tribute to Butantan Institute in its 120th anniversary, this review describes some of the
scientific research efforts carried out in the study of Lonomia envenoming in Brazil, a country …