Understanding how human genetics influence infectious disease susceptibility offers the
opportunity for new insights into pathogenesis, potential drug targets, risk stratification …

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD) are prevalent autoimmune disorders,
representing opposite ends of the clinical spectrum of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) …

Neuromyelitis optica is a paradigmatic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system,
in which the water-channel protein AQP4 is the target antigen. The immunopathology in …

Chronic inflammation drives the development of atherosclerosis. Despite optimal treatment
of classical cardiovascular risk factors, a substantial portion of the population has elevated …

The CD40–CD40 ligand (CD40L) dyad represents a scientific and clinical field that has
raised many controversies in the past and cannot be clearly defined as being an either …

Hyper IgM1 is an X‐linked combined immunodeficiency caused by CD40LG mutations,
potentially treatable with CD4+ T‐cell gene editing with Cas9 and a “one‐size‐fits‐most” …

Background X-linked hyper-immunoglobulin M (XHIGM), a primary immunodeficiency
syndrome caused by mutations in the CD40 ligand gene (CD40LG), presents with recurrent …

Introduction The process of immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) occurs in
secondary lymphoid organs. This highly regulated process is essential for the development …

The hyper IgM syndromes are a rare group of primary immunodeficiency. The X-linked
Hyper IgM syndrome (HIGM), due to a gene defect in CD40L, is the commonest variant; it is …

B cells are a key component of the humoral (antibody-mediated) immune response which is
responsible for defense against a variety of pathogens. Here we provide an overview of the …