This review describes the formation, structure, and function of bony compartments in antlers,
horns, ossicones, osteoderm and the os penis/os clitoris (collectively referred to herein as …

Gravity affects the physiology of many animals, and the effect is, for good reason, most
pronounced in tall species. The physiology—in particular, cardiovascular function—of …

Extant baleen whales (Mysticeti) have a deciduous foetal dentition, but are edentulous at
birth. Fossils reveal that the earliest mysticetes possessed an adult dentition. Aetiocetids, a …

This study provides a detailed, in-depth analysis of the anatomy, topography, and branching
patterns of the meningeal arteries in dromedary camels, a subject that has not previously …

Giraffids include the only living giraffomorph ruminants and are diagnosed by the presence
of bi-lobed canines and a special type of epiphyseal cranial appendages called ossicones …

The artiodactyl brain has multiple levels of vascular pooling and the rostral epidural rete
mirabile (RERM) at its base. The current study is the first of its kind to precisely demonstrate …

The caudal cranium of the South American sabertooth Thylacosmilus atrox
(Thylacosmilidae, Sparassodonta, Metatheria) is described in detail, with emphasis on the …

Terrestrial artiodactyls (even‐toed ungulates) inhabit some of the world's most extreme
environments, including arid deserts and high elevations. As medium‐to‐large‐bodied …

Skull morphology in tapirs is particularly interesting due to the presence of a proboscis with
important trophic, sensory and behavioral functions. Several studies have dealt with tapir …

Artiodactyl cranial arterial patterns deviate significantly from the standard mammalian
pattern, most notably in the possession of a structure called the carotid rete (CR)—a …