A new scientific frontier opened in 2009 with the start of operations of the world's first x-ray
free-electron laser (FEL), the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), at SLAC National …

X-ray crystallography has been central to the development of many fields of science over the
past century. It has now matured to a point that as long as good-quality crystals are …

The problem of phase retrieval, ie, the recovery of a function given the magnitude of its
Fourier transform, arises in various fields of science and engineering, including electron …

Light-field detection measures both the intensity of light rays and their precise direction in
free space. However, current light-field detection techniques either require complex …

Relativistic interaction of short-pulse lasers with underdense plasmas has recently led to the
emergence of a novel generation of femtosecond x-ray sources. Based on radiation from …

We report on the demonstration of ultrafast optical reversal of the ferroelectric polarization in
LiNbO 3. Rather than driving the ferroelectric mode directly, we couple to it indirectly by …

Real-time imaging of countless femtosecond dynamics requires extreme speeds orders of
magnitude beyond the limits of electronic sensors. Existing femtosecond imaging modalities …

High-speed photography,, is a powerful tool for studying fast dynamics in photochemistry,,
spintronics,, phononics,, fluidics, and plasma physics. Currently, the pump–probe method is …

Free-electron lasers produce extremely brief, coherent, and bright laser-like photon pulses
that allow to image matter at atomic resolution and at timescales faster than the …

Ultrafast real-time optical imaging is an indispensable tool for studying dynamical events
such as shock waves,, chemical dynamics in living cells,, neural activity,, laser surgery,, and …