Both immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and antiangiogenesis agents have changed the
landscape of cancer treatment in the modern era. While antiangiogenesis agents have …

T‐cell activation is mediated by antigen‐specific signals from the TCRζ/CD3 and CD4–CD8–
p56lck complexes in combination with additional co‐signals provided by coreceptors such …

The ability of naive T cells to clonally expand and acquire effector functions depends on the
strength of signals received by the T-cell receptor (TCR) and by an array of co-stimulatory …

CD28 costimulation regulates a wide range of cellular processes, from proliferation and
survival to promoting the differentiation of specialized T-cell subsets. Since first being …

Since the discovery that integrins at the surface of lymphocytes undergo dynamic changes in
their adhesive activity after stimulation through the T-cell receptor or stimulation with …

Natural killer (NK) cells provide innate control of infected and neoplastic cells. Multiple
receptors have been implicated in natural cytotoxicity, but their individual contribution …

To become activated, T cells must efficiently recognize antigen-presenting cells or target
cells through several complex cytoskeleton-dependent processes, including integrin …

Wiscott Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASP) deficiency results in defects in calcium ion
signaling, cytoskeletal regulation, gene transcription and overall T cell activation. The …

Rho family GTPases, and the proteins that regulate them, have important roles in many
cellular processes, including cell division, survival, migration and adhesion. Although most …

Integrins not only mediate cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix adhesion, but also affect the
multitude of signal transduction cascades in control of cell survival, proliferation …