Explaining broad molecular, phenotypic and species biodiversity patterns necessitates a
unifying framework spanning multiple evolutionary scales. Here we argue that although …

Myriad branches in the tree of life are intertwined through ecological relationships. Biologists
have long hypothesized that intimate symbioses between lineages can influence …

The mega-diversity of herbivorous insects is attributed to their co-evolutionary associations
with plants. Despite abundant studies on insect-plant interactions, we do not know whether …

As vectors of numerous plant pathogens, herbivorous insects play a key role in the
epidemiology of plant disease. But how phytopathogens impact the metabolism, physiology …

Many insects rely on microbial protection in the early stages of their development. However,
in contrast to symbiont-mediated defense of eggs and young instars, the role of microbes in …

Although uniquely destructive and wasteful, intergroup conflict and warfare are not confined
to humans. They are seen across a range of group-living species, from social insects, fishes …

Recent renewed interest in using fossil data to understand how biotic interactions have
shaped the evolution of life is challenging the widely held assumption that long-term climate …

A prominent question in animal research is how the evolution of morphology and ecology
interacts in the generation of phenotypic diversity. Spiders are some of the most abundant …

Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) symbiosis, a ubiquitous plant–fungus interaction in forests, evolved in
parallel in fungi. Why the evolution of EcM fungi did not necessarily increase ecological …

Mountainous areas host a disproportionately large fraction of Earth's biodiversity, suggesting
a causal relationship between mountain building and biological diversification. Mountain …