Cytokines activate or inhibit immune cell behavior and are thus integral to all immune
responses. IL-1α and IL-1β are powerful apical cytokines that instigate multiple downstream …

The capacity to predict future events permits a creature to detect, model, and manipulate the
causal structure of its interactions with its environment. Behavioral experiments suggest that …

The brain and the immune system are the two major adaptive systems of the body. During
an immune response the brain and the immune system “talk to each other” and this process …

Abstract CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154), a transmembrane protein structurally related to the
cytokine TNF-α, was originally identified on stimulated CD4+ T cells,,, and later on …

A first pilot study of interleukin-1 blockade in ST-segment elevation acute myocardial
infarction showed improved remodeling. In the present second pilot study, we enrolled 30 …

Dengue is the most frequent hemorrhagic viral disease and re-emergent infection in the
world. Although thrombocytopenia is characteristically observed in mild and severe forms of …

Beyond an eminent role in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets are characterized by expert
functions in assisting and modulating inflammatory reactions and immune responses. This is …

IL-1 (IL-1α or IL-1β) is the prototypic “multifunctional” cytokine. Unlike the lymphocyte and
colony stimulating growth factors, IL-1 affects nearly every cell type, and often in concert with …

Platelets are chief effector cells in hemostasis. In addition, however, their specializations
include activities and intercellular interactions that make them key effectors in inflammation …

The inflammasomes control the bioactivity of pro-inflammatory cytokines of the interleukin
(IL)-1 family. The inflammasome assembled by NLRP3 has been predominantly studied in …