▪ Abstract The compartmentation of eukaryotic cells requires all nuclear proteins to be
imported from the cytoplasm, whereas, for example, transfer RNAs, messenger RNAs, and …

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and other retroviruses synthesize a DNA
copy of their genome after entry into the host cell. Integration of this DNA into the host cell's …

To examine the early events of the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-
1), we analyzed the intracellular complexes mediating reverse transcription isolated from …

The HIV protein, Vpr, is a multifunctional accessory protein critical for efficient viral infection
of target CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Vpr is incorporated into virions and functions to …

▪ Abstract Because many viruses replicate in the nucleus of their host cells, they must have
ways of transporting their genome and other components into and out of this compartment …

Retroviruses integrate their reverse transcribed genomes into host cell chromosomes as an
obligate step in virus replication. The nuclear envelope separates the chromosomes from …

The ability of nonviral gene delivery systems to overcome extracellular and intracellular
barriers is a critical issue for future clinical applications. In recent years, several efforts were …

The genomes of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV) encode the
gag, pol and env genes and contain at least six supplementary open reading frames termed …

Many viruses depend on nuclear proteins for replication. Therefore, their viral genome must
enter the nucleus of the host cell. In this review we briefly summarize the principles of …

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome encodes a highly conserved
regulatory gene product, Vpr (96 residues, 14kDa), which is incorporated into virions. In the …