For the last two decades, pathogenic concepts in Parkinson disease (PD) have revolved
around the toxicity and spread of α-synuclein. Thus, α-synuclein would follow caudo-rostral …

Braak's hypothesis has been extremely influential over the last two decades. However,
neuropathological and clinical evidence suggest that the model does not conform to all …

In Parkinson's disease (PD) there is a selective degeneration of neuromelanin-containing
neurons, especially substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. In humans, neuromelanin …

Depression is one of the most frequent and burdensome non-motor symptoms in
Parkinson's disease (PD), across all stages. Even when its severity is mild, PD depression …

Sleep disorders are among the most common non-motor manifestations in Parkinson's
disease (PD) and have a significant negative impact on quality of life. While sleep disorders …

Nonmotor symptoms (NMS) are common in patients with established Parkinson's disease
(PD) and have a major impact upon quality of life. We investigated the significance of NMS …

Objective To determine the pathologic substrates in patients with rapid eye movement
(REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) with or without a coexisting neurologic disorder …

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of
neurodegenerative diseases by influencing the inflammatory response, apoptosis, oxidative …

The neuropathological substrate of dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease is still
under debate, particularly in patients with insufficient alternate neuropathology for other …

Over the past three decades, neuroimaging studies—including structural, functional and
molecular modalities—have provided invaluable insights into the mechanisms underlying …