For insects living in an environment where food supplies constantly change, the ability to
learn and to memorize the association of a specific cue with food is indispensable. The …

Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS) is a plasticity-inducing noninvasive brain stimulation tool
with various potential therapeutic applications in neurological and psychiatric diseases …

Drosophila larvae combine a numerically simple brain, a correspondingly moderate
behavioral complexity, and the availability of a rich toolbox for transgenic manipulation. This …

Biogenic amines play major roles in the regulation of behavior in vertebrates and
invertebrates. Previous studies in honey bees and fruit‐flies Drosophila suggested that …

Elucidation of reinforcement mechanisms in associative learning is an important subject in
neuroscience. In mammals, dopamine neurons are thought to play critical roles in mediating …

Insects, like vertebrates, have considerable ability to associate visual, olfactory or other
sensory signals with reward or punishment. Previous studies in crickets, honey bees and …

We studied olfactory learning in two ant species, Camponotus mus from Argentina and
Camponotus fellah from Israel. To this end, we established an experimental laboratory …

Background In insect classical conditioning, octopamine (the invertebrate counterpart of
noradrenaline) or dopamine has been suggested to mediate reinforcing properties of …

Learning is a widespread phenomenon that allows behavioural flexibility when individuals
face new situations. However, learned information may lose its value over time. If such a …

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) adult hermaphrodite has 302 invariant
neurons and is suited for cellular and molecular studies on complex behaviors including …