Agencies such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD),
the United Nations and the World Bank continue to privilege national over municipal …

In recent years, cities in countries such as Syria, Ukraine, and Somalia have been sites of
major incidents of armed conflict. Such violence has led observers to note that armed conflict …

The rising pressures of urbanization in fragile and conflict-affected countries have increased
concerns about the vulnerability of cities to armed threats. Changes in the character of …

Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, has been central to life, war, and peace in the country for
almost two decades. Its urban characteristics, though, have been put to one side for the most …

Every day, and in a range of contexts, the use of explosive weapons in populated areas
harms civilians. Evidence is growing that elevated levels of civilian harm fit a recurrent …

The conduct of hostilities in urban areas is inherently difficult, particularly with respect to the
protection of civilians. International humanitarian law places restraints on both attackers and …

This paper provides an overview of the historical development, contemporary discourses,
and challenges of the urbanization of warfare for international humanitarian law (IHL). By …

Many armed conflicts rage in urban areas, where it is particularly difficult for attackers to
prevail over their enemy without causing extensive civilian casualties and destruction to …

Because of this, it is relevant to ask: What are the main challenges of urban warfare for
conventional military forces? This article provides a qualitative analysis of relevant trends in …

2870 ВОПРОСы ПОЛИТОЛОГИИ• ВЫПУСК 12 (52)• Том 9• 2019 войн в Афганистане,
Ираке, Ливии, Сирии и Украине. В результате автор приходит к выводу о том, что …