B cells have been long studied for their role and function in the humoral immune system.
Apart from generating antibodies and an antibody-mediated memory response against …

The discovery of CD4+ T cell subset–defining master transcription factors and framing of the
Th1/Th2 paradigm ignited the CD4+ T cell field. Advances in in vivo experimental systems …

B cells and the antibodies they produce have a deeply penetrating influence on human
physiology. Here, we review current understanding of how B cell responses are initiated; the …

Both B cell receptor (BCR) and CD40 signaling are rewired in germinal center (GC) B cells
(GCBCs) to synergistically induce c-MYC and phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein (p-S6) …

CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a vital role in providing help for B cells undergoing
selection and differentiation into activated antibody-secreting cells in mammalian germinal …

B cells within germinal centers (GCs) enter cycles of antibody affinity maturation or exit the
GC as memory cells or plasma cells. Here, we examined the contribution of interleukin (IL)-4 …

Germinal center (GC) dysregulation has been widely reported in the context of
autoimmunity. Here, we show that interleukin 21 (IL-21), the archetypal follicular helper T …

Germinal centers (GCs) are confined anatomic regions where rapidly proliferating B cells
undergo somatic mutation and selection and eventual differentiation into memory B cells or …

Cytokines play critical roles in regulating the development, survival, differentiation, and
function of immune cells. Cytokines exert their function by binding specific receptor …

IgE antibodies may elicit potent allergic reactions, and their production is tightly controlled.
The tendency to generate IgE has been thought to reflect the balance between type 1 and …