Background: Fourteen clinical trials have not shown a consistent benefit of combination
therapy with levothyroxine (LT4) and liothyronine (LT3). Despite the publication of these …

Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on
the cell type, can be activated (ie, T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (ie, T3 to 3, 3′-diiodo-l …

The deiodinase family of enzymes mediates the activation and inactivation of thyroid
hormone. The role of these enzymes in the regulation of the systemic concentrations of …

Cellular actions of thyroid hormone may be initiated within the cell nucleus, at the plasma
membrane, in cytoplasm, and at the mitochondrion. Thyroid hormone nuclear receptors …

Subclinical thyroid disease (SCTD) is defined as serum free T4 and free T3 levels within
their respective reference ranges in the presence of abnormal serum TSH levels. SCTD is …

Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling is strictly regulated by iodothyronine deiodinase activity,
which both preserves the circulating levels of the biologically active triiodothyronine (T3) and …

The iodothyronine deiodinases initiate or terminate thyroid hormone action and therefore
are critical for the biological effects mediated by thyroid hormone. Over the years, research …

The deiodinases activate or inactivate thyroid hormone, and their importance in thyroid
hormone homeostasis has become increasingly clear with the availability of deiodinase …

Although amiodarone is considered the most effective antiarrhythmic agent, its use is limited
by a wide variety of potential toxicities. The purpose of this review is to provide a …

Background: An in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles that regulate thyroid
hormone homeostasis is critical for the development of new diagnostic and treatment …