The semicircular canals are responsible for sensing angular head motion in three-
dimensional space and for providing neural inputs to the central nervous system (CNS) …

Sensory hair cells are specialized secondary sensory cells that mediate our senses of
hearing, balance, linear acceleration, and angular acceleration (head rotation). In addition …

The spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are the first action potential generating neurons in the
auditory pathway. The type I SGNs contact the sensory inner hair cells via their peripheral …

Vestibular hair cells transmit information about head position and motion across synapses to
primary afferent neurons. At some of these synapses, the afferent neuron envelopes the hair …

Aging, disease, and trauma can lead to loss of vestibular hair cells and permanent vestibular
dysfunction. Previous work showed that, following acute destruction of∼ 95% of vestibular …

During rapid locomotion, the vestibular inner ear provides head-motion signals that stabilize
posture, gaze, and heading. Afferent nerve fibers from central and peripheral zones of …

Ribbon synapses between inner hair cells (IHCs) and type I spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs)
in the inner ear are damaged by noise trauma and with aging, causing “synaptopathy” and …

Key points In the synaptic cleft between type I hair cells and calyceal afferents, K+ ions
accumulate as a function of activity, dynamically altering the driving force and permeation …

In the vestibular periphery, transmission via conventional synaptic boutons is supplemented
by post-synaptic calyceal endings surrounding Type I hair cells. This review focusses on the …

A harmonized interplay between the central nervous system and the five peripheral end
organs is how the vestibular system helps organisms feel a sense of balance and motion in …