The current understanding of lactate extends from its origins as a byproduct of glycolysis to
its role in tumor metabolism, as identified by studies on the Warburg effect. The lactate …

Significant recent progress in understanding rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis has led
to improved treatment and quality of life. The introduction of targeted-biologic and-synthetic …

Several non-redundant features of the tumour microenvironment facilitate
immunosuppression and limit anticancer immune responses. These include physical …

CD8+ T cells are end effectors of cancer immunity. Most forms of effective cancer
immunotherapy involve CD8+ T cell effector function. Here, we review the current …

The microenvironment in cancerous tissues is immunosuppressive and pro-tumorigenic,
whereas the microenvironment of tissues affected by chronic inflammatory disease is pro …

Metabolites of glycolytic metabolism have been identified as signaling molecules and
regulators of gene expression, in addition to their basic function as major energy and …

Disordered metabolic states, which are characterised by hypoxia and elevated levels of
metabolites, particularly lactate, contribute to the immunosuppression in the tumour …

High serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels are typically associated with a poor
prognosis in many cancer types. Even the most effective drugs, which have radically …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute a plastic and heterogeneous cell
population of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can account for up to 50% of some …

Objective Innate immunity plays important roles in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
(PDAC), as non-T-cell-enriched tumour. Neutrophils are major players in innate immune …