The most influential account of phasic dopamine holds that it reports reward prediction
errors (RPEs). The RPE-based interpretation of dopamine signaling is, in its original form …

Behaviours such as eating, copulating, defending oneself or taking addictive drugs begin
with a motivation to initiate the behaviour. Both this motivational drive and the behaviours …

Neurotransmitters play essential roles in regulating neural circuit dynamics both in the
central nervous system as well as at the peripheral, including the gastrointestinal tract …

Spontaneous animal behaviour is built from action modules that are concatenated by the
brain into sequences,. However, the neural mechanisms that guide the composition of …

There is increased appreciation that dopamine neurons in the midbrain respond not only to
reward and reward-predicting cues,, but also to other variables such as the distance to …

Dopaminergic neurons play a crucial role in associative learning, but their capacity to
regulate behavior on subsecond timescales remains debated. It is thought that …

Timing is critical to most forms of learning, behavior, and sensory-motor processing.
Converging evidence supports the notion that, precisely because of its importance across a …

Durations are defined by a beginning and an end, and a major distinction is drawn between
durations that start in the present and end in the future ('prospective timing') and durations …

Like ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons, VTA glutamate neuron activity
can support positive reinforcement. However, a subset of VTA neurons co-release DA and …

Animals infer when and where a reward is available from experience with informative
sensory stimuli and their own actions. In vertebrates, this is thought to depend upon the …