We have come to recognize the brain as a predictive organ, anticipating attributes of the
incoming sensory stimulation to guide perception and action in the service of adaptive …

There is growing interest in diffusion models to represent the cognitive and neural processes
of speeded decision making. Sequential-sampling models like the diffusion model have a …

People are often aware of their mistakes, and report levels of confidence in their choices that
correlate with objective performance. These metacognitive assessments of decision quality …

Summary" Degree of certainty" refers to the subjective belief, prior to feedback, that a
decision is correct. A reliable estimate of certainty is essential for prediction, learning from …

Decisions vary in difficulty. Humans know this and typically report more confidence in easy
than in difficult decisions. However, confidence reports do not perfectly track decision …

Most organisms facing a choice between multiple stimuli will look repeatedly at them,
presumably implementing a comparison process between the items' values. Little is known …

The P300 component of the human event‐related potential has been the subject of intensive
experimental investigation across a five‐decade period, owing to its apparent relevance to a …

The study of decision making spans such varied fields as neuroscience, psychology,
economics, statistics, political science, and computer science. Despite this diversity of …

The diffusion decision model allows detailed explanations of behavior in two-choice
discrimination tasks. In this article, the model is reviewed to show how it translates …

Decision making often involves the accumulation of information over time, but acquiring
information typically comes at a cost. Little is known about the cost incurred by animals and …