The carotid body (CB) is the main peripheral chemoreceptor for arterial respiratory gases O2
and CO2 and pH, eliciting reflex ventilatory, cardiovascular, and humoral responses to …

Recent advances have clarified how the brain detects CO 2 to regulate breathing (central
respiratory chemoreception). These mechanisms are reviewed and their significance is …

In contrast to nitric oxide, which has well established and important roles in the regulation of
blood flow and thrombosis, neurotransmission, the normal functioning of the genitourinary …

People prefer to move in ways that minimize their energetic cost [1–9]. For example, people
tend to walk at a speed that minimizes energy use per unit distance [5–8] and, for that speed …

Lung ventilation fluctuates widely with behavior but arterial PCO 2 remains stable. Under
normal conditions, the chemoreflexes contribute to PaCO 2 stability by producing small …

The renal nerves are the communication link between the central nervous system and the
kidney. In response to multiple peripheral and central inputs, efferent renal sympathetic …

Adequate oxygen supply is essential for the human brain to meet its high energy demands.
Therefore, elaborate molecular and systemic mechanism are in place to enable adaptation …

The increase in heart rate is related to increased sympathetic activity and vagal withdrawal.
10 For a given level of exercise, heart rate is greater at altitude11 (Figure 2), although the …

Peripheral chemosensitivity is clinically assessed by measuring the ventilatory response,
changes of muscle sympathetic nerve activity, or physiological changes in heart rate or …

Acute exposure to hypoxia causes chemoreflex activation of the sympathetic nervous
system. During acclimatization to high altitude hypoxia, arterial oxygen content recovers, but …