Nonclinical testing has served as a foundation for evaluating potential risks and
effectiveness of investigational new drugs in humans. However, the current two‐dimensional …

Although oral drug delivery is the preferred administration route and has been used for
centuries, modern drug discovery and development pipelines challenge conventional …

Membrane transport proteins are involved in the absorption, disposition, efficacy, and/or
toxicity of many drugs. Numerous mechanisms (eg, nuclear receptors, epigenetic gene …

The liver represents a major eliminating and detoxifying organ, determining exposure to
endogenous compounds, drugs, and other xenobiotics. Drug transporters (DTs) and drug …

Drug delivery into the brain is regulated by the blood–brain interfaces. The blood–brain
barrier (BBB), the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), and the blood–arachnoid …

Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) is an important branch of pharmaceutical
sciences. The nature of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and PK …

Variability in individual capacity for hepatic elimination of therapeutic drugs is well
recognized and is associated with variable expression and activity of liver enzymes and …

Predicting transporter-based drug clearance (CL) and tissue concentrations (TC) in humans
is important to reduce the risk of failure during drug development. In addition, when …

The effect of membrane transporters on drug disposition, efficacy and safety is now well
recognized. Since the initial publication from the International Transporter Consortium …

The role of membrane transporters on pharmacokinetics (PKs), drug–drug interactions
(DDIs), pharmacodynamics (PDs), and toxicity of drugs has been broadly recognized …