The effect of membrane transporters on drug disposition, efficacy and safety is now well
recognized. Since the initial publication from the International Transporter Consortium …

Predicting transporter-based drug clearance (CL) and tissue concentrations (TC) in humans
is important to reduce the risk of failure during drug development. In addition, when …

Cell envelope plays a dual role in the life of bacteria by simultaneously protecting it from a
hostile environment and facilitating access to beneficial molecules. At the heart of this ability …

Uptake drug transporters play a significant role in the pharmacokinetic of drugs within the
brain, facilitating their entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding brain drug …

In the drug development process, it is important to assess the contributions of drug-
metabolizing enzymes and/or drug transporters to the intestinal pharmacokinetics of …

Immortalized kidney cell lines are widely used in basic and applied research such as cell
permeability tests and drug screening. Although many cell lines have been established from …

In recent years, sequence-specific clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
(CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems have been widely used in genome editing of …

MDCK/Caco-2 assays serve as essential in vitro tools for evaluating membrane permeability
and active transport, especially mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Despite their utility …

To inform fetal drug safety, it is important to determine or predict fetal drug exposure
throughout pregnancy. The former is not possible in the first or second trimester. In contrast …

The presence of mutagenic and carcinogenic N-nitrosamine impurities in medicinal products
poses a safety risk. While incorporating antioxidants in formulations is a potential mitigation …